Monday, 31 December 2012

Nanotubes, flushable wipes and PLA/PHBV blends

Analysis of Nanoparticles in Meltspun Filaments
Johannes Wulfhorst of the Institut für Textiltechnik (ITA) der RWTH Aachen, Aachen (Germany) reported on the ways of checking the orientation of carbon nanotubes in polymers used to make electroconductive fibres.  An FEI Tecnai F20 electron microscope is used to create a series of 2D views as the sample is tilted through 120 degrees.  Tomographic imaging software compiles these into a 3D model to allow exact nanotube orientation analysis to be carried out.  The work shows that nanotubes do indeed get oriented in the axial direction during fibre extrusion.  ITA has also observed that carbon nanotube inclusion alters the bimodal melting character of polyester.

Improved Dispersibility of Wet Wipes

Roland Scholz of Kelheim Fibres GmbH, Kelheim (Germany) reviewed fibre types and their effect on the dispersibility of wet wipes made by carding and hydroentanglement.  0.9 and 1.7 dtex round fibres were compared with 1.7 dtex “gel-surface” fibre, solid flat fibres with a 5:1 aspect ratio, inflated-collapsed fibres with a 20:1 aspect ratio and a new fibre of undisclosed dimensions in lengths of  12, 16 and 20mm.  The shorter the fibre the easier was the dispersion in the tube test, similar results being obtained from the Netherlands sewer pump test.  The round fibres and the “new shape” fibres dispersed best at these lengths.  Standard 40mm fibres formed ropes.

Fully Bio-Based and Degradable PHBV / PLA Fibers

Peng Chen of the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Ningbo (China) has discovered that polyhydroxy butyrate valerate fibres (PHBV) are too brittle and rigid to make good nonwovens.  Surprisingly blends of PHBV with PLA – which is also brittle and rigid – are soft and give nonwovens with reduced shrinkage.  The mixture of polymers is extruded with additives to promote “reactive blending”, at speeds up to 3000m/min.  The resulting yarn can be stretched up to 3 times off-line to make the final soft but glossy yarn.  The unexpected softness is thought to arise from the oriented fine lamellae structure induced by extensional flow during spinning and drawing.  It feels like rayon or silk but is naturally hydrophobic.

Sunday, 30 December 2012

Denkendorf at Dornbirn

Harvesting and Storing of Solar Energy

Thomas Stegmaier of the Institut für Textil- und Verfahrenstechnik (ITV), Denkendorf (Germany) described a 3-layer textile roofing fabric engineered to allow air to be pumped through the middle layer.  This air reached 150-160oC on a hot day and was used to dry out a silica-gel “energy store”.  This stores the energy “without loss” and yields warm dry air months later when humid air is pumped through it.

Asked about the efficiency of heat recovery, Mr Stegamaier said this had yet to be calculated.

Micro Fibers Based on Cellulose and its Acetate

Frank Hermanutz of the Institut für Textilchemie und Chemiefasern (ITCF) Denkendorf, Denkendorf (Germany) has used spinnerets made by new laser hole drilling technology for the direct spinning of cellulose and cellulose acetate fibres.  The holes are drilled with an ultra-short pulsed laser using a highly focussed beam circulating helically around the circumference of the required hole.  The system was developed at IFSW in Stuttgart. The resulting holes have a naturally conical inlet and a precise outlet down to 25 microns in diameter.  Half-inch thimbles with 2000x25 micron holes in gold/platinum looked excellent for wet spinning and for air-gap, a 250 hole stainless steel version had been made.  Cellulose microfibers down to 0.2 dtex have been wet-spun from a solution of cotton linters in an ionic liquid (8% to 16% in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate) and from cellulose acetate in acetone.  The latter had a very rough non-circular cross section.

Finer, Stronger Melt Blown

Christoph Rieger of the Institut für Textil- und Verfahrenstechnik (ITV), Denkendorf (Germany) promoted ITV’s recently developed ability to produce melt blown PP down to 0.4 microns and stabilised melt blown PET webs of high strength and thermal stability to 200oC.  They are also capable of hydroentangling melt blowns and their laminates with other fabrics to get the best combinations of strength and fineness.

Saturday, 29 December 2012

Bicomponent Fibers by overjacketing extrusion and electrospinning

Felix A. Reifler of EMPA Laboratory for Advanced Fibers, St. Gallen (Switzerland) was using overjacketing extrusion to add a sheath or sheaths to a monofil core. The technology was essentially that used to apply insulation to fine copper wires.  The main application appears to be applying an insulating sheath to silver-coated yarns for use in conductive textiles.  An 80 micron polyester is plasma-sputter coated with silver and overcoated with 8 microns of thermoplastic PA12-based elastomer at 25 m/min.  Dip-coating can also be used.  PLA and PVA sheaths have also been tried.  Adhesion of the sheath needs improving and the work continues.

Juan Esteban Diaz Gómez of NanoMyP Nanomateriales y Polímeros S.L., Armilla (Spain) has been spinning bicomponent nanofibres from annular nozzles where the core polymer solution can be a non-electrospinnable polymer.  Hollow nanofibres, and liquid filled nanofibres (hydrophobic liquid inside a hydrophilic polymer) are also possible.  They are now working on scaling up the process and further improving it with air-jets (“electroblowing”) or rotation (“Forcespinning™).  “Smart materials with physicochemical properties tailored to customer needs” is now the subject of a new department.  P&G, Unilever and Henkel were among the companies listed as customers of NanoMyP.

Thursday, 27 December 2012

Liquid Crystal Nonwoven from Kuraray


Yasuhiro Shirotani of Kuraray Co., Ltd., Saijo (Japan) said Vecrus™ was a melt-blown nonwoven made from the Vectran™ liquid crystal polymer.  The nonwoven withstood temperatures of 330C and shrunk less than 1% at 260C. Vectran™ is a wholly aromatic polyester made from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid.  It is used for printed circuit boards, electromagnetic shielding and electric motor insulation.  It’s moisture regain is only 0.002%.  A new version of the melt blown is now being developed with half the standard fibre diameter (3 microns: down from 7) The melt-blown webs will be made in the 3.5 to 20 gsm range and will have a breaking length of over 10 km, double that of the standard Vecrus™

Applications will include fibre reinforced plastics for phones and laptops, Li-ion battery separators, heat resistant wipes in copy machines and heat resistant filters.  In the copy machines the new wiping roll uses a 6gsm 20 micron thick Vecrus™ which gives 3 times the usual length of wiper in the cartridge.

Kelheim Viscose for Dry and Wet Nonwovens

Philip Wimmer of Kelheim Fibres GmbH, Kelheim (Germany) reviewed the changes in absorbency through Kelheim’s range of Italian fibres to illustrate that pure cellulose fibre can give from 1:1 to 4:1 water retention compared with cotton’s 0.5:1.  He then moved on to consider the possibilities of less absorbent, more hydrophobic types.  More crystalline fibres are less accessible to water and stronger, but this approach can do no more than halve the retention.  Adding non-absorbent fillers can do the same, but these more than halve the strength.  Chemical modification works, e.g. acetylation but the result is not pure cellulose.  Hydrophobic agents can be applied as finishes or added to the viscose, the latter approach giving a more permanent change in hydrophobicity which can resist washing and dry cleaning.  Kelheim have now developed such a product using an additive made from renewable, biodegradable raw materials which is also FDA approved for hygiene and food contact applications.


Ingo Bernt of Kelheim Fibres GmbH, Kelheim (Germany) ran through the properties of the Italian fibres again, the new additions this time being a 4dtex Leonardo smooth flat fibre and “Umberto”, a variable cross-section fibre giving an alphabet soup of shapes.  Umberto was not included in the written paper.  The finer Leonardo gives papers of higher strength and folding endurance than the 9dtex, but slightly lower transparency.  Anionic treatment as used to make the Verdi fibre boosts strength and folding endurance further.

Friday, 21 December 2012

Cellulose Acetate Nanofibres from Agricultural Waste

Roberto Frassine of the Politecnico di Milano Polymer Engineering  Lab., Milano (Italy) has been using corn-cobs and straw, wheat straw and even seaweed as a source of cellulose for acetylation – a process which normally requires the highest quality dissolving pulp.  The cellulose extraction and purification process involves Toluene/Ethanol extraction of waxes followed by bleaching first with alkaline peroxide and then with an acetic/formic acid/hydrogen peroxide mixture. 

A final peroxide extract yields a pure cellulose with a DP rather lower than that obtained from wood.  This was acetylated  and dissolved in dichloromethane/methanol for electrospinning to nonwovens.  At acetate concentrations of 7% and 10% the nonwovens were of good quality.  A lab. scale batch reactor has now been built to allow 1.5kg batches of acetate to made for future experimentation.

Thursday, 20 December 2012

Tencel for Battery Applications

Marco Gallo of Lenzing AG, Lenzing (Austria) described the development of separators for alkaline batteries using Tencel.  Tencel can be refined in disc refiners and beaters to give a hgher proportion of microfibers and fewer cut fibres than pulps.  This leads to lighter, thinner papers with smaller pores and hence better insulation and conductivity than alternatives.  Cellulosics are normally blended with PVA fibres and bonded with PVA latex.  Tencel can be used in blend with pulp or viscose in the cellulosic portion according to the cost/benefits required.
New varieties of Tencel are under development which will allow further reductions in the weight of the separator required per battery.  These also improve the dimensional stability and durability of the paper in the strong alkalis used.  There were numerous questions:

  •         Can Tencel be used to obtain nanofibres?  Yes but at a cost which only works for some applications.
  •          What operating temperatures must the separator be designed for? -30 to +50C
  •          Is the whole furnish refined together?  No Tencel is refined separately.
  •          Is Tencel paper used in double-layer electrolytic capacitors?  Yes.
  •          Are fibrils lost through the wire?  Yes this is an issue which necessitates careful tuning of the refiner.
  •          Would Tencel be used in electric car batteries?  Yes – this is under development.

Wednesday, 19 December 2012

Carbon Footprint of Garments

Jürgen Ströhle of Benninger AG, Uzwil (Switzerland) said the carbon footprint of garments depends crucially on the country of manufacture.  

  • Brazil is best by far because most energy generation is from biomass.  India and China are worst because they use most coal.  
  • For fibres, PET appeared worst followed Asian viscose and US and Chinese cotton.  
  • Austrian viscose had the lowest carbon and water footprint, while US cotton had the highest water footprint.  
  • Studies of T-shirt finishing methods revealed that 100% viscose shirts had least impact, 100% cotton most, with 100% PET in between.  
  • For dress shirts, cotton was worst with Tencel and PET equally good.  
Asked if organic cotton would be better, Mr Ströhle thought it would make no difference to the finishing impact but would be better at the raw material stage.  On a cradle-grave basis, half the impact of a T shirt is at the production stage and half in washing/drying.

Monday, 17 December 2012

Tencel Gel

Martina Opietnik of Lenzing AG, Lenzing (Austria) reviewed the development of Micro Fibre Cellulose from Turbak’s development of a nanocellulose gel in 1983, through their use in biocomposites in the 90’s and in transparent cellulose nanofibre paper in the 00’s, to their current applications in flexible organic light emitting diode displays.  Traditionally pulp is acid-degraded, beaten and homogenised to make MFC but now the lyocell process can be used to make either fibres or beads which require much less energy to convert into MFC. 

Tencel fibre gives a fibrous gel but the Tencel beads give a 3-D structure and a perfectly smooth gel.  They are both white viscous suspensions which are stable over a range of pH’s and temperature, but show thixotropic behaviour.  They also form films on drying, and can be used as coatings for films, textiles, papers and tablets.  Applications in packaging, cosmetics, food thickening, and medicines are envisaged.  In food it could also be a calorie-free fat substitute.

Asked if the coatings would be stable on polyesters, Ms Opietnik thought the gel would stick well to the surfaces of films or fibres but would have to cross-linked for durability.  Application could be by spraying.  Is the gel regarded as a fibre under the REACH regulations?  Maybe a new directive was needed to clarify this aspect.

Saturday, 15 December 2012

Cellulose: from biogenic polymer to novel functions and innovative applications


This was the title of the paper given to approximately 280 attendees at the third Cooperation Forum Biopolymers in Straubing by Dr. Haio Harms, CEO of Kelheim Fibres GmbH. The paper illustrated impressively the versatility of viscose fibres made in Kelheim and presented future-oriented applications possibilities for their use. “Cellulose- and lignocellulose-based materials and composites” was one of the main topics of the Forum organized by Bayern Innovativ in collaboration with the Centre of Excellence for Renewable Resources in Straubing – and Kelheim’s viscose fibres are a prime example of such materials. 

Speciality fibres from Kelheim are high-performance materials which can substitute oil based synthetic materials in certain applications and deliver equal or even better performance; filters and speciality papers are examples of end products which can benefit from Kelheim’s fibres – and even carbon fibres are made from viscose fibre precursors. In addition to this, viscose fibres are made from 100% renewable cellulose as a raw material and are therefore completely biodegradable. 

As a result, the field trip to the speciality fibre manufacturer’s headquarters at Kelheim, which was offered as part of the additional programme of the cooperation forum, was met with great interest. Around 50 visitors were given the opportunity to see the production plant and Kelheim’s R&D pilot plants. 

Viscose speciality fibres from Kelheim accepted into Material ConneXion’s library of innovative materials


Three of Kelheim Fibres’ new viscose fibre specialities have been assessed by a panel of creative professionals and have been accepted into Material ConneXion’s library of innovative materials – the world’s largest library of this type. 

The fibres Verdi, Danufil® Deep-Dye and Microfine as well as product samples made of these fibres are now displayed in Material ConneXion’s nine locations around the world. In this library, which features more than 7,000 cutting-edge materials, including the largest selection of sustainable materials, designers and manufacturers from all disciplines and market segments, from industrial design to textile specialists, find solutions to their specific material challenges. The fibres from Kelheim fit perfectly into Material ConneXion’s range of advanced materials: each one delivers an additional benefit for the user: 

  • Microfine, Kelheim’s finest viscose fibre, creates outstanding wearer comfort in high quality textiles and helps to enhance the physical properties of all types of speciality papers. Microfine is especially soft – an additional benefit for wipes. 
  • Danufil® Deep-Dye is a chemically modified viscose speciality with a dye absorption capacity up to 40 times higher than standard viscose – ideal for optimising the dyeing process of textiles made out of viscose and PET, but also perfect for colour catcher fabrics which prevent colour staining in domestic wash cycles. 
  • The the viscose fibre Verdi has been ionically activated in order to deliver a higher level of intrinsic absorbency and excellent dispersability in water – the fibre is ideally suited for paper applications where it improves the physical properties of speciality papers such as the paper’s strength. 
Currently, Kelheim Fibres is preparing applications for further fibre innovations for the Material ConneXion Library

Thursday, 13 December 2012

Cellulose Nanofibre Nonwoven Fabrics

Satoru Yoshida of Asahi Kasei Fibers Corp., Moriyama City (Japan) has produced nanofibres by refining woodpulp into the 30 to 100 nm fibril range and producing wet-laid sheets down to 3 gsm with comparable surface area and porosity to electrospun nanofibres.  The sheets also show unusually high heat stability (better than hydrophilic PTFE film) and a usefully lower coefficient of thermal expansion than cellophane film.


The manufacturing process for CNF involves conventional beating of wood pulp to a highly fibrillated state, followed by high pressure homogenisation of the resulting slurry. From the micrographs, this completely destroys any residual fibre backbones to yield an all-fibril dispersion – “Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose”.

Applications developed so far include a transparent hybrid epoxy/CNF film with high transparency and low thermal expansion (50-200C), and functional filters where the surface of the CNF is chemically modified, e.g. crosslinked to improve wet strength.  Battery separators and capacitor dielectrics were mentioned as end-products.

Wednesday, 12 December 2012

Biosoft (TM): Hydrophobic Tencel for Nonwovens

Bianca Schachtner, Lenzing AG, Lenzing (Austria) introduced a water-repellent version of Tencel branded Biosoft and said to be extraordinarily soft, hydrophobic, biodegradable and botanic.
  •        As an oil absorbent, Biosoft(TM) floats on water and takes up 3-4 times as much oil as Tencel.
  •          It withstands hydroentanglement.
  •          In a pack of wet wipes, a 70/30 Tencel/Biosoft blend wipe shows reduced variability of lotion uptake through the pack compared with 70/30 Tencel/PES.
  •          Tencel has a surface tension of 90 mN/cm compared with 30 for Biosoft.  However blends of the two do not give a linear change of ST.  70/30 Tencel/Biosoft has almost the same water uptake as 100% Tencel.
  •          As a biodegradable topsheet, Biosoft gives similar strikethrough and wetback results to synthetic topsheets.
  •          Biosoft topsheet offers improved embossability compared with Tencel.
There were numerous questions.  The treatment affected the surface only.  2nd and 3rd insult strikethrough and wetback were the same as the first.  It absorbs water vapour like Tencel.  It feels very soft when in textiles or nonwovens. The cost relative to PP was not divulged.

Tuesday, 11 December 2012

Lenzing Group: TENCEL® Celebrates 20th Anniversary


Tuesday, 11. December 2012





Lenzing/Mobile, December 11, 2012. TENCEL® has turned 20. The first large production facility for lyocell fibers was put into operation in Mobile/Alabama (USA) in 1992. Today the Lenzing Group manufactures TENCEL® fibers at three sites located in Austria, Great Britain and the USA. Lenzing celebrated this anniversary by holding a commemorative ceremony and a customer symposium.
20 years ago the TENCEL® plant in Mobile was the first large-scale industrial production site in the world for the new lyocell fibers. The factory was originally built by the British company Courtaulds plc., a former Lenzing competitor. Lenzing also took over this facility within the context of the acquisition of the Tencel Group in the year 2004. In recent years it has been technologically upgraded, and annual production capacity was increased to the current level of about 50,000 tons of TENCEL® fibers. Today Lenzing manufactures TENCEL® fibers at three sites: Heiligenkreuz (Austria) with an annual capacity of 60,000 tons, Grimsby (Great Britain), featuring a capacity of approx. 40,000 tons each year, and the Mobile, Alabama plant. A fourth production plant is currently being constructed in Lenzing (Upper Austria). Total annual capacity will amount to 60,000 tons, and the facility will be the first second-generation TENCEL® plant from a technological perspective.
On the occasion of the special commemorative ceremony, Lenzing CEO Peter Untersperger emphasized the tremendous importance of the TENCEL® technology. “TENCEL® has been the biggest technological step forward in the man-made cellulose fiber industry since the invention of viscose fibers about 100 years ago. The development of the fiber over the last 20 years only marks the beginning of a success story which will continue for many decades to come. TENCEL® ideally combines the need for competitive production costs compared to other fibers with the requirement of ensuring sustainable, environmentally compatible production. TENCEL® is a breakthrough technology, and I am proud that the Lenzing Group is by far the world’s number one provider of TENCEL® fibers.“

The beginnings: a competitive race between giants

The initial phase in the development of lyocell fibers

Monday, 10 December 2012

Kelheim Fibres: A Specialist Specialises

Matthew North of Kelheim Fibres GmbH, Kelheim (Germany) reviewed the last 30 years from the viscose fibre viewpoint observing that after a global decline of 30% between 1980 and 1999, a sustained recovery was underway with capacity doubling to 3.8 million tonnes since then. By 2020 a further 1.4 million tonnes capacity will be added in China and SE Asia. This new capacity will focus on a few very large lines to make standard products for textiles and commodity nonwovens. The theme is pile it high and sell it cheap.

Kelheim Fibres is in comparison a small specialist producer with 11 flexible lines which allow it to produce small lots of fibre with unique properties. It has become the world’s leading producer of tampon fibres, flock fibres, short-cut papermaking fibres and viscose-based carbon fibre precursor. For the future it will focus on new applications for papermaking, filtration, composites and speciality textiles. With R&D being central to these developments it intends to establish a new R&D centre for bio-based polymers and fibres in Kelheim.

Sunday, 9 December 2012

Absorbent Fibers Based on Cellulose Acetate

Jens Schaller of Thüringisches Institut für Textil und Kunststoff Forschung e.V. (TITK), Rudolstadt (Germany) has been dissolving cellulose acetyated to varying degrees in ionic liquids prior to spinning. Over a range of degrees of substitution from 0.07 to the commercially standard 2.5, absorbency peaks between 0.5 and 0.7DS and then falls to the normal acetate value at 2.34. At peak the WI is 300-400%, and hence much higher than obtainable with pure cellulose fibres or their alloys with water soluble polymers. Furthermore the absorbency level is unaffected by ionic concentration, and the fibre properties are like viscose. The fibres have a rough surface and mercury porosimetry shows a porous structure similar to lyocell. 2.5DS “standard” acetate can also be spun, wet rather than dry, from the ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride or BMIMCl). This process avoids the explosion risks of standard acetate production.

Recycling the BMIMCl involves vacuum distillation of the 10% spinning solution up to 80%, and then using a thin-film evaporator to get to 97%.

Asked why the WI increases with DS up to 0.7, Mr Schaller said a few acetate groups destroy the hydrogen bonding and increased accessibility to water but over 0.7 DS, increasing hydrophobicity takes over. Could lithium chloride be used as the solvent for spinning? Yes but it’s more expensive and harder to recycle (thin film evaporation not possible) Why bother with acetate when SAPs are available more cheaply? This approach gives fibres more easily and they are not salt-sensitive.

Saturday, 8 December 2012

Filters using Self-assembling Supramolecular Nanofiber Webs

Hans-Werner Schmidt of the University of Bayreuth, Macromolecular Chemistry, Bayreuth, (Germany) described the creation of nanofibres from complex monomers designed to self-assemble by hydrogen bonding in one dimension only, the resulting polymers clustering together into bundles. Initially the bundle diameters would be 10-20nm but these too would aggregate into larger bundles up to a micron in diameter.

The 1-3-5 trisamide derivative of benzene could be dissolved in 2-butanone at 0.4% and would self-assemble into nanofibres on cooling from 240C. This could be applied to the surface of a nonwoven to form a filter (2.8% nanofibres concentrated at the surface.) An example with 1% derivative in 2-butanone giving 7.6% nanofibre on nonwoven was shown to give an impressive network on the surface, the pore size of which depended on the solution temperature over a 25-120C range. Here the nanofibres formed in the pores of the nonwoven surface.

Asked about the temperature sensitivity of the nanofibres, Mr Schmidt said he had shown lower melting point products, but others were stable up to 350C. He was working on a water-based solution to replace the 2-butanone.

Friday, 7 December 2012

Cheap Cotton lowers Lenzing expectations but longer term the Cellulose Gap will help.

At a Berenberg conference in London, CFO Thomas Winkler presented on behalf of Lenzing. On the company’s strategy, Mr Winkler highlighted the positioning of its fibre products (viscose, Tencel) against cotton and synthetic fibres. The main drivers for the strong demand growth for viscose (in excess of 10%) are megatrends such as population and wealth growth, the latter leading to a substitution of synthetics by organic fibres. In the long run, the “cellulose gap” equity story is very intact, Mr Winkler said.

A Berenberg analyst said that they feel the company is now very frank about communicating that there is a clear dependency of viscose prices to cotton prices (Lenzing’s fibres command a 10-15% premium over cotton). With cotton prices at low levels and Chinese stockpiles very high, pricing is currently weak – a situation that will most likely not change in the very short term. Lenzing will therefore only reach the lower end of its EBITDA guidance this year. In the mid-term, however, cotton dynamics could reverse, as cotton competes for acreage, consumes 27x more water per hectare than corn and there is no drought-resistant seed.


Source: Boerse Express

Asahi ”Bemliese” Cellulosic Spunbond


Kyoko Machioka of Asahi Kasei Fibers Corp., Nobeka, Miyazaki (Japan) described the new microfibre version of the cuprammonium cellulose spunbond nonwoven.  

Cotton linters are dissolved in cuprammonium hydroxide to give a 10% solution with twice the DP of viscose, and this very high viscosity solution can be extruded through large holes (0.5-0.7mm) and drawn as a liquid by over 100 times before regeneration to cellulose.  

The new microfiber nonwoven has filaments of 3-5 micron diameter and gives fabrics with a third of the pore size of regular Bemliese®.  Fibres are spun at 150 m/min after drawing by 500 times onto a belt running at 20-40 m/min.  The fabric absorbency was said to be outstanding but no test data was provided.  Vertical wicking appeared to be 50% higher than for the regular Bemliese.

How much copper remains in the nonwoven?  Zero.

Thursday, 6 December 2012

Toray "Foresse": Melt Spinning of Thermoplasticized Cellulose


Yoshitaka Aranishi of Toray Industries Inc., Mishima (Japan) described Toray’s range of polymers made from biomass, including the world’s first 100% bio-based polyester, but focussed on the development of melt-spinnable cellulose esters.  Nonwovens have in the past been made from melt-spun cellulose acetate, hydroxypropyl-cellulose, phenylacetoxy-cellulose and trimethylsilyl cellulose but these fail to give the necessary high-speed and stable production.  Toray has now optimised a mixture of cellulose esters which when blended with a plasticiser can be spun at high speed (2000 m/min mentioned) into a wide range of fibres with a wide range of cross-sections or bicomponency, and then de-plasticised.  Hollow fibres, X-shapes and Islands-in-a-Sea bicomponents with PLA were shown.  Full orientation occurs within 20 cms of the spinnerette compared with over a metre for PET.  The only fibre properties provided during the talk were moisture regain being 10 times that of PET (i.e. very hydrophilic), the refractive index being lower (more lustrous and vivid after dyeing) and a modulus less than half that of PET (giving much softer fabrics).  More information on this “Foresse” fibre emerged in questions:
·         

Wednesday, 5 December 2012

Long-term Fibres Demand: The Cellulose Gap

Peter Driscoll of PCI Fibres, Mayfield (UK) continued the “Cellulose Gap” arguments started at last year’s Dornbirn conference by confirming his view that despite the spike in cotton price, there has never been a shortage of the fibre and won’t be one in the foreseeable future.  In late 2010 there appeared to be a shortage which caused the spike, and this caused a fall in demand which cost the cotton industry about 10 million tonnes of sales because the predicted 30 million tonne demand fell to an actual 20 million in 2011.  Global cotton pipeline stocks rose from 4 to 14 million tonnes between 2004 and 2011.  It’s share of total fibres is now 30% and is expected to remain at that level through 2020.  Stocks will decline to about 8 million tonnes by 2020.  So, cotton stocks alone are likely to remain well above the annual production of man-made cellulosics for the foreseeable future and will be used before man-made cellulosics to fill any gaps which might arise.

Total fibre production including cotton moved above 78 million tonnes in 2011 and could reach 100 million in 10 years time.  Polyester filament is the key growth area, the  majority


Tuesday, 4 December 2012

Slow Fashion and Sustainism: Sustainable Procurement of Textiles

Susanne Müller of the Hochschule Niederrhein, Mönchengladbach (Germany) talked about the importance of the “slow fashion” movement to sustainable procurement. This means wearing clothes for longer, having bought timeless, high quality designs such as the LBD (little black dress). Environmentally sensitive fibres such as bamboo, hemp, organic cotton or “Qmilch” (milk-protein fibre) should be converted in socially-sensitive factories with minimal use of water and energy, cradle-grave processes (?) and safe, clean working conditions. All texiles should be lighter to reduce transportation impacts, and the use of cotton, rubber and leather should be minimised because of their high environmental impacts; use synthetics instead.

“Sustainable consumers” are going on a fashion diet (one dress lasts all year), buying second-hand clothes or swapping with friends.  The “swap not shop” movement appears to be gaining momentum with swapping parties and exhibitions proving a fun thing to do.  Modernism equated with “you are what you own”.  Sustainism is “you are what you share”.

Sustainism currently targets LOHAS people (those enjoying a Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability), with LOVOS coming up fast (Lifestyle Of VOluntary Simplicity).

However sustainism on its own is not appealing: it has to linked to a fashion trend.  Patagonia provide an example of the way forward “We make excellent clothes – you buy less of them”.  Their marketing encourages repair and recycle.

(From Dorbirn Conference Sept 2012)

Sunday, 2 December 2012

Mobility 2050 – Transportation Trends and Megatrends

Sarah Volk of the Zukunftsinstitut GmbH, (Kelkheim, Germany) reviewed the megatrends likely to affect transportation:

  •          Europe’s energy supply will be 80% renewable by 2050.  Fossil fuel usage peaked in 2010 with solar, wind and biomass taking over the majority of energy generation by 2050.  Coal, oil and gas all decline while nuclear remains at 2010 levels or grows slightly.
  •        The use of internal combustion engines as the sole power source declines from near 100% in 2010 to near 0% in 2050.  Hybrid and pure electric take over, hybrids peaking 2025-30.
  •         By 2050 over 6 billion people will be living in cities, and less than 3 billion in the country.
  •         Now half of all journeys in cities are by car.  By 2030 the bike, public transport walking and the car will share journeys equally.
  •         In the country, cars will drive themselves.
  •         High-speed trains will replace all but intercontinental air-travel.
  •          The car is losing its emotional hold on consumers.  In Germany and London (at least) fewer under 30’s are bothering to get a car licence. 
  •         The “status” value of car ownership has declined and is now only 10% of the reasons for choosing a car.
  •          Car ownership is not a privilege any more:  car-sharing is booming among the young, and even BMW has a company car share scheme, “Alpha City”.
  •          Daimler are testing “multi-mobility” in Stuttgart: smart-phones advise the best way to get to your destination by public or shared transport (bikes and cars).
  •          Smart phone apps will direct you to available parking places.
  •          IBM’s “Battery 500” project targets the 500 mile range battery for cars, and in Israel, an aluminium-hydro battery capable of 2400 miles is under development.
  •         In the US, a solar road has been developed which can charge cars driven over it by induction.
  •          The Hiriko city-car shrinks from 2.5 to 1.5 m long for parking and can turn within its own length.
And what are the implications of all this for fibres and textiles?  Weight saving composites will become increasingly preferred to metals in all forms of transport, solar energy will be harvested from fabrics used outdoors, and textile-surfaced control panels will work like touchscreens.

(From Dornbirn Sept 2012)

Challenges of the Man Made Fibre Industry in the EU Context


Frédéric van Houte, Director General of CIRFS European Man-Made Fibres Association, (Belgium) provided the 2011 fibre production statistics:

  • ·         Of the 81.9 million tonnes of fibres produced in the World, 54.2 mt were man-made, the vast majority of the remaining natural fibres being cotton.
  • ·         China produced 60% of the man-made, Europe and India 9% each and the USA 5%.
  • ·         38.7 million tonnes of polyester were produced along with 4.5 million tonnes of man-made cellulosics and 3.75 million tonnes of PP.
For Europe the main challenges were raw material prices (fibres were competing with plastics and paper for resources), labour prices (the EU has the world’s highest labour costs), and the burdens of EU legislation, especially environmental.  Massive global overcapacity in polyester (utilisation now only 80% and falling), massive subsidies for cotton farmers and the growth of protectionism provided additional external challenges.

(From Dornbirn Sept 2012 Conference)

Friday, 30 November 2012

Friedrich Weninger, CEO Lenzing, Keynote address to Dornbirn 2012

This summary of the keynote speech from this year's Dornbirn Man-Made Fibres Conference is the first of a series of summaries of the papers of most interest to a nonwoven audience.  They will be posted here regularly over the next few weeks and will accumulate, along with earlier posts from Dornbirn, in the Dornbirn 2012 folder.

Friedrich Weninger CEO Lenzing and President of AMFI observed that the USA had a huge advantage economically because the dollar remained the Worlds reserve currency.  The Euro became sufficiently strong to share this role with the dollar but had recently lost its appeal.  If it collapsed, it would not be the Chinese yuan that benefited; it would be the dollar at least for the next 10 years.  However the collapse of the Euro would cost the EU more than saving it, and the current crisis provided the best opportunity to make fundamental reforms to make it stronger.  In fact without the crisis, reform could not happen so we must make the most of the opportunity.

Partnership was becoming more important than Ownership.  Take-overs of complementary businesses were not necessary if stable strategic partnerships could be created.  From within the fibre industry the following examples were noteworthy:
·         In raw materials, Lenzing partnered with SAPPI for pulp supplies.  Lenzing gave SAPPI the guaranteed offtake of high volumes which allowed SAPPI secure long-term investment.  Lenzing bought most of their needs from SAPPI and in return got attractive pricing.
·         In product development, Lenzing had partnered with Ten Cate for many years in FR textiles.  Now they had made the breakthough with the US army thanks to Obama giving Lenzing a waiver to allow Lenzing FR to be imported for military use.
·         Woolmark and Cotton Inc. were both examples of industries cooperating as a defence against synthetic fibres successes in textiles.
·         In nonwovens a similar co-op was needed to communicate the environmental and sustainability advantages of cellulosics over synthetics along the value chain.

Some interesting statistics emerged:
·         China’s GDP is growing more every 11.5 weeks than the total Greek GDP.
·         A Chinese spinner (Wi Chow?) operates 7 million spindles and uses a million tonnes of fibre a year.  This inflexible plant needs to operate at 90% utilization to avoid collapse.
·         70 million packs of Costco’s 70% Tencel wipe were sold last year making it the biggest baby wipe in the USA.  (Asked later what percentage of the US wipe market this represented, Mr Weninger said of the 70,000 tonnes of rayon used in US baby wipes, 18,000 were Tencel.)

In concluding Mr Weninger said Dornbirn was now a global knowledge platform for the fibre industries and he hoped many new co-operations would arise as a result of this meeting.

Thursday, 29 November 2012

Practical Polysaccharides (Part 10 - Last): Chitin-Heparin Bico in Wound Care

Part 10 of the paper by Jacek K. Dutkiewicz of Buckeye Technologies Inc given at this years Insight Conference organised by MTS in Norfolk Virginia. (Click here for Part 1)
Chitin and its simple derivative chitosan are highly crystalline which makes them suitable for making high-tenacity structural materials such as fibers and films.   An interesting discovery was made some time ago [10] and remained practically unknown. It resulted from experimentation with solutions of chitosan and heparin, two oppositely charged polymers.   It was observed that at the interface of these two solutions it was possible to form a liquid film which had fiber forming characteristics (Fig. 17).  Thus prepared filaments were composed with a chitosan core and heparin sheath.  The purpose of that study was to combine bacteriostatic and wound-healing properties of chitosan with blood anticoagulant characteristics of heparin.  Potential medical applications of such materials involved for instance vascular grafts.

Another less known property of chitosan and, in particular, some of its salts involves ostensibly self-contradictory interactions with blood.  Chitosan has good hemostatic properties and this is one of the

Tuesday, 27 November 2012

Practical Polysaccharides (Part 9) - Chitin for Superabsorbents

Part 9 of the paper by Jacek K. Dutkiewicz of Buckeye Technologies Inc given at this years Insight Conference organised by MTS in Norfolk Virginia. (Click here for Part 1)

Last but not least, chitin is a fascinating polysaccharide for a number of reasons.  First, it is the second most abundant polycarbohydrate used by Mother Nature as a structural component both in the animal and in the plant kingdoms. Second, chitin has a chemical structure which is similar to that of cellulose except for a different functional group on the carbon atom number 2.  Finally, from a practical point of view, chitin has been shown to have interesting useful properties. For instance, chitin exhibits biological activity (e.g. wound-healing, bacteriostatic effect) which makes it very attractive for medical applications.
Chitin can be easily converted into various physical and chemical forms when it is first partially deacetylated to chitosan.  Chitosan’s structural uniqueness relies upon ionizable amino groups which make the polymer soluble in dilute acids. Without further derivatization one can then cross-link the deacetylated chitin and obtain a polycationic superabsorbent material which has very high absorbent capacity (Fig. 15).

Monday, 26 November 2012

Repositioning of Lenzing Modal® brand




Lenzing is repositioning the Lenzing Modal® brand to reflect the new Modal production technology. The slogan “Makes the World a Softer Place” will be changed to “CO2 Neutral Softness by Edelweiss Technology”.
Lenzing’s symbiotic production process makes Lenzing Modal® CO2 neutral*: the full integration of the site in Austria– pulp production and fiber production in the same location– leads to the recovery of excess energy and valuable wood substances. Pulp production at Lenzing is energy self-sufficient and also generates energy for Modal production as a whole. “We are proud that Lenzing Modal® is CO2 neutral*. Born from our desire to produce in an increasingly eco-friendly manner, we have developed proprietary production techniques. We have become pioneers in the design of wood organic refineries”, Dieter Eichinger, Vice President Lenzing Textil, explains. “This combination makes Lenzing Modal® unique. Where else can you find Modal production which uses beechwood and operates in an energy self-sufficient manner, recovering 95% of the chemicals required in the process? This is definitely something unique worldwide”, Dieter Eichinger says.
Lenzing Modal® is Edelweiss
“Lenzing Modal® is much more than just simply soft. We wish to pay tribute to this fact and reposition the Lenzing Modal® brand”, Marketing Director Andreas Dorner explains. “Expanding the fiber’s image from softness to eco-friendliness mirrors the changes in the demands from the marketplace. Today customers not only seek a high-quality product. They want to be sure that it was produced in a fair and eco-friendly way”, Dorner continues.
The environmentally compatible production of Lenzing Modal® is reflected with the term “Edelweiss technology“. It is only at Lenzing that all the environmental parameters are applied: pulp production and fiber production at a single site, the use of domestic beechwood, up to 95% recovery of the chemicals used, and environmental technologies specifically developed for this purpose.
Adaptation of Lenzing Modal® production
Now Lenzing Modal® will be available in greater quantities and “bleached with oxygen“. This is another step to make the fiber eco-friendlier. Nearly half of overall Lenzing Modal® production can be manufactured in this process.
 For questions, please contact: 
Mag. Christina Kreuzwieser
Head of Global Marketing Communication
Business Unit Textile Fibers
Telephone: +43 (0) 7672 701-2331
E-mail: press@lenzing.com

Sunday, 25 November 2012

Practical Polysaccharides (Part 8) Starch-based Nonwovens and Superabsorbents

Part 8 of the paper by Jacek K. Dutkiewicz of Buckeye Technologies Inc given at this years Insight Conference organised by MTS in Norfolk Virginia. (Click here for Part 1)

From the cost point of view, starch may seem even more attractive as a raw material compared to cellulose for a superabsorbent polymer because of its high-molecular weight and abundance of reactive hydroxyl groups.  Indeed, relatively high-capacity products have been commercialized and there were even some attempts to use them for personal care applications.  So far the performance of synthetic SAP is far more superior and it may be hard to replace it in the disposable hygiene area with a starch-based polymer.  Still it is worth mentioning at least one simple technical solution which involved an approach similar to the one referenced above with regard to cellulose [8]. In this case, carboxymethylstarch was cross-linked also by heat treatment to achieve a decent, but not permanent absorbency capacity (Fig.13).  One can speculate that, over a period of time, polysaccharides may undergo morphological changes due to relaxation and reorientation of polymeric chains, which affect the physical crosslink density in the material.   Therefore, the absorbency properties may gradually decline.

Friday, 23 November 2012

Germany Blocks Lenzing bid for Kelheim Fibres


Cartel office says takeover would create tampon monopoly

* Lenzing wants to buy 90 percent of Kelheim

* Lenzing says will appeal (Adds Lenzing comment, shares, background)

DUESSELDORF, Germany, Nov 23 (Reuters) - Germany's cartel office has blocked the planned takeover of Kelheim Fibres by Austrian cellulose fibre maker Lenzing, saying it would produce a monopoly in tampon fibres.

Lenzing had wanted to buy 90 percent of Germany's Kelheim, which is privately owned with more than 700 employees and exports its specialty fibres to 44 countries worldwide.

"The takeover would create a market monopoly. Competition would come to a halt not only in Germany but worldwide," cartel office chief Andreas Mundt said on Friday.

Lenzing said it would appeal against the decision, saying the vast majority of relevant competitors were in Asia and the 10 million-euro German market was too small to be regulated.

Lenzing shares were up 0.3 percent to 63.6 euros by 1442 GMT, underperforming a 0.8 percent-higher ATX, the Austrian benchmark index. (Reporting by Matthias Inverardi and Angelika Gruber; writing by Georgina Prodhan; Editing by Mark Potter)

Practical Polysaccharides (Part 7) Converting cellulose into superabsorbents?

Part 7 of the paper by Jacek K. Dutkiewicz of Buckeye Technologies Inc given at this years Insight Conference organised by MTS in Norfolk Virginia. (Click here for Part 1)

There have been many attempts to match the performance and cost of the CMC SAP to those of the synthetic sodium polyacrylate SAP.  On both fronts, however,  these efforts have not been successful enough to make the concept commercially viable for personal hygiene applications.

For instance, one of more interesting approaches was to create cross-links within the CMC polymer simply by using heat [8].  The resultant material had high absorbent capacity (Fig. 12). However,  over time the superabsorbent properties of such a polymer tend to decline gradually.   

There were also attempts to enhance the capacity of cellulose-based SAP by creating micro-porous sponge-like structures by applying organic solvent/water exchange techniques.  For low-cost applications such solutions do not seem to be viable because of their complexity and relatively high cost.   So, the concept of replacing synthetic SAP with a cellulose-based equivalent still may wait some time for a satisfactory practical and inexpensive solution.

















Wednesday, 21 November 2012

TENCEL® – Yejimiin introduces premium sanitary pad in Korea


Yejimiin, in Korea, is introducing a new generation of sanitary pads within December 2012: 숲속이야기 TENCEL® is the first pad on the market to feature a top sheet based on 100% TENCEL®. In addition to being available in the Korean market, the product is exported to the U.S. for Korean women living overseas.
Yejimiin aims to satisfy women’s needs with high-quality products. Following the launch of TENCEL®Liner in February - a pantyliner with a top sheet based on 100% TENCEL® - the Korean company is now ready to introduce a new generation of sanitary pads under the product name 숲속이야기  TENCEL®.
Yejimiin is aware of the significant impact of the raw material on the final product. Since the top sheet of a sanitary pad is in direct contact with the skin, the choice of the raw material – the fiber – is crucial. TENCEL® has been demonstrated to be the ideal choice for Yejimiin since it is characterized by a very smooth surface which increases comfort in use. In addition, the natural moisture management of TENCEL® optimizes the conditions for sensitive skin. Furthermore, TENCEL® combines purity with consistent quality which is essential for sensitive hygiene applications.
The botanic value can be seen as another important decision driver for Yejimiin. Based on the renewable raw material wood sourced from responsibly managed forests, the cellulose fiber TENCEL® is fully biodegradable and meets even the enhanced standards of Vincotte Home compostability.
Elisabeth Stanger, Marketing Director of Lenzing’s Business Unit Nonwoven Fibers, explains: “Yejimiin succeeded in launching another innovative feminine hygiene product that offers natural confidence and comfort. We at Lenzing are proud to be part of this success story. The cooperation with Yejimiin underlines our long-term strategy to offer tailor-made fibers for sensitive hygiene applications.”

Monday, 19 November 2012

Practical Polysaccharides (Part 6) Collaboration between modified fibres and SAP


Part 6 of the paper by Jacek K. Dutkiewicz of Buckeye Technologies Inc given at this years Insight Conference organised by MTS in Norfolk Virginia. (Click here for Part 1)

One of these solutions utilizes cellulose fluff carrying polyvalent cations such as Al3+ [6].  These ions are subsequently released to the entering liquid and can precipitate the soluble sodium polyacrylate fraction which diffuses from the SAP particles. The polyvalent cations can also react with the surface of the superabsorbent granules creating in situ a “skin” on them, which protects the soluble oligomers from leaching out to the system.  This concept is illustrated in Fig. 9.  As a result of the collaborative interaction between the modified fibers and the SAP, the permeability of the system is improved as is the efficiency of the fiber matrix liquid distribution capability.








Here is another example of a system in which cellulosic fibers can help enhance

Sunday, 18 November 2012

Practical Polysaccharides (Part 5) A solution to the ammonia odour problem in personal absorbents

Part 5 of the paper by Jacek K. Dutkiewicz of Buckeye Technologies Inc given at this years Insight Conference organised by MTS in Norfolk Virginia. (Click here for Part 1)

An example of using cellulose fibers both for this purpose and simultaneously, for absorbency was presented a few years ago at the Insight Conference [5].   The concept of storing a urease inhibitor in absorbent fluff proved to be very effective for eliminating ammonia odor which normally occurs due to enzymatic hydrolysis of urea.   This solution to the odor problem is shown in Fig. 8. 


 Inhibition of microbial ammonia production had an additional benefit for skin wellness, which is maintaining the pH at a level slightly below neutral.

Thursday, 15 November 2012

Lenzing - Sales to Nonwovens up but prices down.

The first nine months of 2012 were characterized by full capacity utilization of all production facilities in Lenzing’s Segment Fibers and a new record level of fiber shipment volumes, but also declining fiber selling prices in the course of the year. Segment sales in the first three quarters of 2012 amounted to EUR 1,414.3 mn (Q1-3 2011: EUR 1,436.1 mn). Segment EBITDA totaled EUR 262.1 mn (Q1-3 2011: EUR 345.0 mn), whereas the segment’s EBIT amounted to EUR 187.3 mn (Q1-3 2011: EUR 275.9 mn). Specialty fibers accounted for 35.4% of segment sales. The average fiber selling prices in the first three quarters of 2012 equaled EUR 2.00 per kilogram, down from EUR 2.25 per kilogram in the prior-year period. In the third quarter of 2012 the average fiber selling prices equaled EUR 1.95 per kilogram, compared to EUR 2.04 per kilogram in the second quarter of 2012, and was accordingly at the lower end of our price guidance (EUR 1.95-2.00). The underlying reason for the price decline was the under-utilization of production plants operated by many cellulose fiber manufacturers in Asia, as well as the lower cotton price compared to the previous year.

The two business units, Textile Fibers and Nonwoven Fibers, performed well in a weak market environment, with total fiber sales of 589,304 tons, a new all-time

The global economy impacts Lenzing and the entire fiber market


In the third quarter of 2012, the unsatisfactory global economic environment continued to dampen the development of the entire fiber industry, similar to the situation in the first two quarters of the year. The market continues to be provided with a sufficient supply of fibers. The cotton price, the most important benchmark for the entire fiber industry, tended to move sideways, ranging between 80.8 and 86.8 US cents/lb. In the light of weak demand, no quick or substantial increase in the cotton price is anticipated as a consequence of the disproportionately high cotton inventories around the world and the expectations for the current 2012/13 cotton harvest, which foresee a decline in the cotton harvest of only 6%. Conversely, in spite of the high volume of available quantities, the downward trend in the cotton price has bottomed out and now hovers at the considerably higher level of 80-85 US cents/lb compared to the all-time lows recorded in the past decade.

The Chinese textile industry, by far the largest in the world, suffered from the